Our Sun is a STAR.

A star is very hot and gives out its own light. (An object that gives out its own light is called a LUMINOUS object.)

A group of stars is called a GALAXY.
Our sun is part of a galaxy called the MILKY WAY.
The Universe is made up of many such galaxies.

The Earth is a PLANET.
The planets do NOT give out their own light but reflect the light from the sun.
The planets are in ORBIT around the sun.
This means they go around the sun.

Our planet, Earth, is part of the SOLAR SYSTEM. The Solar System contains 9 planets.

A SATELLITE is in orbit around a planet.
The MOON is a kind of natural satellite and is in orbit around the Earth.

Planets and satellites are held in orbit by the pull of the Earth’s gravity.

Most planets have several moons. The Earth has only one moon.
(see diagram of the planets in the solar system)

A moon does not give out its own light but reflects the light from the Sun

The Earth also has several ARTIFICIAL SATELLITES.

These are used to transmit television pictures or radio messages.

Seasons and the length of day and night

The time it takes a planet to go once around the sun is called a YEAR.
The Earth’s year = 365 days.

Most planets SPIN about their own AXIS. The time it takes the planet to spin once on it’s axis is called a DAY.

Seasons, and the length of day and night are both caused by the TILT of the Earth.

In Summer the Northern hemisphere is tilted towards the sun. This gives us longer daylight hours. As the sun is overhead for more of the time it causes the ground to heat up more.

In winter the northern hemisphere is tilted AWAY from the sun. This makes the day-light hours less. The sun is lower in the sky and so the ground does not absorb so much of the suns heat.

This diagram shows the Earth during winter, with the Northern hemisphere facing AWAY from the Sun. If you were standing in England you would revolve around the Earth once every 24 hours, following the dashed line. You will see from the drawing that you are in darkness (shaded part) more than you are in light.

ECLIPSES
An eclipse of the Sun is caused by the moon being between the sun and the earth and casting its shadow on the Earth, so blocking out some (a partial eclipse) or all (a total eclipse) of the sun's light.

An eclipse of the moon is caused by the Earth's shadow falling on the moon, making it invisible from Earth.

 Eclipse of the sun (solar eclipse)

In a solar eclipse the Moon is between the Earth and the Sun.  A shadow of the moon falls on the Earth , blocking out the light from the Sun. In a total eclipse none of the sun can be seen.  In a partial eclipse some of the sun is still visible.

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In a lunar eclipse (eclipse of the moon), the Earth is between the moon and the Sun and a shadow of the Earth falls across the moon. When the Moon is in the Earth's shadow the moon cannot be seen.

The Planets
Some facts about the planets

Planet	Distance from sun /million km	Diameter /km	Mass (Earth = 1)	No.of moons	Planet's year	Planet's day	Temp. /C	Notes
Mercury	58	4,868	0.06	0	88 days	59 days	350 day -170 night	Extreme temp. ranges
Venus	108	12,112	0.81	0	225 days	243 days	465	Very dense, hot, corrosive atmosphere
Earth (moon)	150	12,756 (3,476)	1 (.12)	1	1 year	1 day	15	The only planet with oxygen in atmosphere and liquid water on surface
Mars	228	6,787	0.11	2	2 years	25 hours	-23	Very thin atmosphere (made of carbon dioxide)
Asteroids								Lumps of rock (from <300m up to 1000km dia)
Jupiter	778	142,650	318	16	12 years	10 hours	-150	Made of liquid hydrogen and helium
Saturn	1,427	120,670	95	18	30 years	10 hours	-180	Hydrogen and helium
Uranus	2,870	51,800	15	15	84 years	20 hours	-210	Made of frozen water
Neptune	4,496	49,200	17	8	165 year	19 hours	-220	Made of frozen water
Pluto	5,946	5,000	0.1	1	248 year	6 days	-220	Discovered in 1930

 

 

Planets of the solar system (including moons) drawn with their sizes to scale
Note: You do not need to know numeric details of the planets for exams like the Common Entrance but you need to be able to answer questions like this:

1. How many planets are there?
2. Which is the furthest planet from the sun?
3. Name the four largest planets?
4. .Name the four planets nearest to the sun
5. What is meant by the terms: sun, planet, moon, satellite, orbit, day, year, eclipse?
6. What causes day and night?
7. Which planet was the last to be discovered. Why did it take so long to discover it?
8. Describe any step in the history of space exploration that you think important, along with the year it happened .

Some figures

• The temperature at the surface of the sun is about 6000C and at the centre about 14 million C.
• The distance of the Earth to the sun is about 150 million km.
• As astronomical distances are so large they are often given special units: eg
• The AU (=Astronomical Unit=average distance of Earth from the sun)
• The light year (= distance travelled by light in one year 1x10¹⁶m 10 million million kilometres).
• The parsec ( just over 3 light years)
• The nearest star to us, Alpha Centauri, is about 4 light years away.

 Further research

Planet 10: Our solar system

The solar system (children's version)

The Solar System good!

Star Child guide to the Solar system

 

Window on the Universe:

From The School Observatory Website: Each of these three links contains lots of useful information
    The Earth, Moon and Sun 
    Our Solar System 
    Beyond the planets

Star Child  A guide to astronomy

NASA tour of the planets  A site run by NASA that gives photographs of the planets along with a description

 

Powers of Ten - Soar through space starting at 10 million light years away from the Milky Way down through to a single proton in Florida

 

Tides: the Encharted Learning site

 

Cut out and make a scale solar system!
Double click on the image to load it full size.
It will print out A4 size so may take a few momentts to download
.

 

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