Form 5g Science Revision Summer Term 2002

This page gives a list of main topics that will be in the exam.

The three pages which follow is the same list but shows the topics in much more detail so you can use this sheet to learn from if your notes are not complete.

Remember this is only a revision summary: it has no diagrams or fine detail so you STILL NEED YOUR NOTES.

The best way to learn is to write out a summary of what you are trying to revise.

Try hard and don't panic.

Outline of topics 
(Each word links to a more detailed description of the topic)

In addition to the topics that were covered in Form 3 and Form 4 you should know the following: 

• Making a solution
• Changing State
• Separating mixtures
• Heating chemicals
• Chemical change and physical change
• Burning .
• Decompose:
• Elements
• Acids and Alkalis
• Neutralisation:
• Preparation of common gases
• Carbonates
• Density
• Force
• Levers
• Springs
• Units
• Kinetic Theory: solids liquids and gases
• Using a microscope
• Cells
• Asexual reproduction in plants
• Sexual reproduction in plants
• Germination
• Ecology: food chains, food webs, sampling techniques

Form 5g Science Revision Detailed notes

Making a solution  more
Know the meaning of the following terms: solute, solvent, solution, soluble, insoluble.

solute: The solid that has been dissolved when making a solution (eg the SALT in salty water)

solvent: A liquid that has been used to make a solution (eg the WATER in salty water)

solution: The liquid formed when one substance dissolves in another

soluble : is able to dissolve (eg salt is soluble in water)

insoluble: is NOT able to dissolve (eg sand is insoluble in water)

Know that water is a good solvent. Know that alcohol and petrol are two examples other good solvents.

Separating mixtures more

Know that a pure substance is one substance by itself and cannot be separated further (eg pure water would contain water and NOTHING else. Orange juice is NOT a pure substance as it contains water AND orange flavourings).

Know about the following ways to separate mixtures (including examples, diagrams, and practical details):

Filtration: used to separate a solid from a liquid (eg sand from salty water)

Distillation: used to obtain the solvent from a solution (eg obtain pure water from sea water)

Evaporation: used to obtain the solute from a solution (eg obtain salt from salty water)

Chromatography: used to separate out a mixture of coloured substances (eg obtain the green colour from crushed grass)

Be able to draw the apparatus to carry out each process above.

Know the meaning of the terms: filtrate, distillate, miscible, immiscible, residue

Know that the liquid that has been filtered is called the filtrate and the solid left after filtering is called the residue.

Know how to test water purity by i) measurement of its boiling point and ii) evaporating samples on a watch glass and observing the residue.

Know the difference between sea, tap and distilled water. (Sea water leaves a lot of residue, tap water a little bit and distilled water no residue)

Heating chemicals more

Know the effect of heating various chemicals (copper sulphate, cobalt chloride, copper foil and iodine)

Know the name and colour of each chemical before it is heated and after it is heated.

Know what happens when water is added to anhydrous copper sulphate (turns blue and gets warm)

Know that anhydrous cobalt chloride is often used as a test for water because it turns from blue to pink when water is added.

Chemical change and physical change more
Know that whenever there is a change in colour or temperature there must be a chemical change taking place (this is when a new chemical substance is formed)

Burning and decomposing are chemical changes

Burning : when a chemical burns in air it combines (joins up with) oxygen and will usually gain in mass.

Eg magnesium buns in oxygen to form magnesium oxide

magnesium + oxygen -----> magnesium oxide

Decompose: When a chemical decomposes it splits apart into two (or more) simpler chemicals

Eg hydrated copper sulphate will decompose when it is heated to form anhydrous copper sulphate and water

hydrated copper sulphate anhydrous copper sulphate + water

In a physical change no new chemicals are formed (eg evaporation, melting and boiling are physical changes)

Elements more
Know that the elements are a group of chemicals that cannot be divided into anything simpler ie cannot decompose, and that there about 100 known stable elements. Know that an element is made up of a single kind of ATOM.

Know that two or more different elements can COMBINE together to form a compound

Be able to separate the following chemicals into groups of element, compound and mixture:

Copper sulphate, copper, water, ink, magnesium oxide, iron, oxygen, cobalt chloride, air, orange juice, nitrogen, sulphur, iodine, magnesium oxide, carbon, soil.

Acids and Alkalis 
Know the main properties of an acid and alkali:

acids taste sour , turn blue litmus red and have a ph value less than pH7

alkalis have a ph value more than 7 and turn red litmus indicator blue.

Know the names of some common acids:

sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, lemon juice (citric acid) , vinegar (acetic acid)

Know the names of some common alkalis:

caustic soda (sodium hydroxide), indigestion powder (magnesium hydroxide), garden lime (cacium oxide), ammonia solution (used in household cleaners)

Know the name of some neutral solutions: water, sugar solution, salty water

Know about the pH scale:

acids have a pH value less than pH7, alkalis have a pH value more than pH7 and that a neutral liquid is always equal to pH7 .

Know that Universal Indicator can be used to show the pH of a liquid by looking at its colour.

Know all the colours that universal Indicator can be and what pH each colour represents

(pH 7 = green, less than ph7 = yellow, orange or red, more than ph7 = blue or purple.)

Neutralisation: more
Understand that neutralisation is a chemical reaction between an acid and an alkali. Adding an acid will cause the ph to decrease, adding an alkali will cause the ph number to increase.

Know some main applications of neutralisation:

In agriculture: lime is added to acid soil to raise the pH.

In medicine: Indigestion powder is a mild alkali and neutralises acid in your stomach.

Hydrochloric acid + sodium hydroxide = sodium chloride + water

Physics

Density more
Know that the density of a substance is the mass of one cubic centimetre of it.

Know the unit of density: grams per cubic centimetre

Know that density is calculated using the formula density = mass / volume

know how to calculate the density of a solid with a uniform shape (eg a block of wood)

Know how to calculate the density of a solid with an irregular shape (eg an iron bolt)

know how to find the density of a liquid.

Know how to find the density of air using the method that involves pumping up a large container with air.

Know how to find the density of carbon dioxide by heating copper carbonate.

Be able to use the formula ( D=M / V ) to find the volume or mass of a substance.

Force:more
Know that a force is a push or a pull.

Know that forces usually work in pairs and if the opposite forces on an object are equal then it will not speed up or slow down.

Know that the unit of force is the newton and that 1 newton is the force of gravity on 100g

(ie the force of gravity is 10 N per kg).

A force can be measured using a spring balance (sometimes called a newton-meter).

Know the main kinds of force: friction, gravity, magnetism and electrostatic.

Levers more
Know that a lever makes it easier to move an object. eg using a crow-bar to move a heavy stone.

A lever uses a force to make something turn. The pivot is known as a fulcrum.

A long crow bar is easier to use than a short one because the force is further from the fulcrum.

To work out whether a lever (or see-saw) will balance use this equation:

Force x distance of the force from the fulcrum (on the left) = force x distance of force from the fulcrum (on the right) A pulley changes the direction of a force.

Springs more
Know how to plot a graph showing how the extension of a spring varies with the load on it.

Know that the extension of a spring is proportional to the load until the elastic limit of the spring is reached. At this point the spring gets a permanent stretch.

Know the effect of putting two springs in series or two springs in parallel.

Units you need to know more

Biology

Using a microscope more
Know how to prepare a microscope slide of some cheek cells or onion cells.
Know how to set up a microscope so that the cells can be seen clearly.
Know the names of the parts of the cells that can be seen.

Cells more
Know the main parts of an animal cell and a plant cell.
Understand the differences between a plant cell and an animal cell.
Understand that a cell reproduces by binary fission, a kind of asexual reproduction.

Asexual reproduction in plants more
Production of spores.
Understand that  not all plants reproduce sexually. Some reproduce sexually and asexually
Forms of asexual reproduction: Budding, Runners, tubers

Sexual reproduction in flowering plants more
Know the main parts of the flower in a flowering plant and what each part is for.
Understand why a plant gets pollinated and how it happens
Understand about fertilization and the function and structure of a seed.
Know how and why a seed gets dispersed.

Germination
Understand the conditions required for the germination of a seed.
Water, Warmth and Oxygen (not light)

Ecology more
Understand about food chains and food webs
Understand about the importance of plants in an ecosystem.
Understand about populations and limiting factors in a population.
Understand various sampling techniques and know how to use a quadrat to determine the population of various organisms in a habitat.

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